Josephus' 20 book magnum
opus presents a comprehensive Jewish interpretation of history from
the creation of the world to the eve of the Jewish-Roman war (66-70 CE). He promised a sequel
to cover events after the war but never published it. The work
was deliberately modeled on the Roman Antiquities of Dionysius
of Halicarnassus & was designed to prove to Romans that Jews could
claim a heritage that was more ancient than theirs. The first 11 books
are based primarily on the Greek Septuagint translation of Hebrew
scripture, supplemented with some Jewish folklore. Books 12 & 13
depend on the Jewish account of the Maccabean revolt in 1 Maccabees.
The last third of Josephus' Antiquities (Books 13-20) is the
most important part for later historians. These books cover events in
the 2nd Jewish Commonwealth (135 BCE to 70 CE) for which Josephus is our
most detailed surviving source. For his account of the Hasmonean
& Herodian
dynasties Josephus used Nicholas of Damascus' authorized biography of
Herod (now lost) & works by other Greek & Roman historians. For
the post-Herodian era (4 BCE-66
CE) he made use of Roman imperial
records (including a large number of official edicts & letters) as
well interviews with contemporaries & his own notes, including his
earlier account of The
Jewish War. In
material where the War & the Antiquities overlap,
the later account is generally fuller & less pro-Roman but also more
defensive of the Jewish cause & the author's association with it.
This reflects the circumstances of its publication. The emperor Domitian,
unlike his father [Vespasian]
& brother [Titus]
did not support the writing of histories. So Josephus had to locate
another patron. He dedicates this & later works to one Epaphroditus,
whom he describes as "a man who is a lover of all kinds of
learning" [Antiquities preface] & addresses as
"most excellent of men" [Against
Apion 1.1] --- obviously an aristocratic Greek scholar.
[in Loeb Classical Library: Josephus
vols. 7-9. Ed. R. Marcus, E. Wikgren & L. H. Feldman. Cambridge MA:
Harvard University Press, 1963-1965].
For full
text of older editions on line see:
Other resources on line: